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Vor 22 Stunden · Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche [ii] (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. [14] He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest person to hold the Chair of Classical ...
Vor 22 Stunden · —Max Weber in Sociological Writings, 1904. The principle of methodological individualism, which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities solely as the result of the actions of individual persons, can be traced to Weber. In the first chapter of Economy and Society, he argued that only individuals "can be treated as agents in a course of subjectively understandable ...
- Critique of Centralized Planning
- Critique of Public Enterprise
- Reduced Prosperity
- Social and Political Effects
- Claims of Leadership Corruption
- Mass Killings
- Further Reading
Distorted or absent price signals
The economic calculation problem is a criticism of central economic planning which exists in some forms of socialism. It was first proposed in 1854 by the Prussian economist Hermann Heinrich Gossen. It was subsequently expounded in 1902 by the Dutch economist Nicolaas Pierson, in 1920 by Ludwig von Mises and later by Friedrich Hayek. The problem referred to is that of how to distribute resources rationally in an economy. The free market relies on the price mechanism, wherein people individual...
Suppression of economic democracy and self-management
Central planning is also criticized by elements of the radical left. Libertarian socialist economist Robin Hahnelnotes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom. As Hahnel explains: "Combined with a more democratic political sy...
Slow or stagnant technological advance
Economist Milton Friedmanargued that socialism, by which he meant state ownership over the means of production, impedes technological progress due to competition being stifled. He noted that "we need only look to the United States to see where socialism fails" by observing that the "most technologically backward areas are those where government owns the means of production". Friedman claimed that socialism advocated the abolition of a free markets and money- and risk-based reward systems, a c...
Reduced incentives
One criticism of socialism is that, in any society where everyone holds equal wealth, there can be no material incentive to work because one does not receive rewards for a work well done. They further argue that incentives increase productivity for all people and that the loss of those effects would lead to stagnation. Some critics of socialism argue that income sharing reduces individual incentives to work and therefore incomes should be individualized as much as possible. In The Principles...
Austrian school economist Hans-Hermann Hoppeargued that countries where the means of production are nationalized are not as prosperous as those where the means of production are under private control ("prosperous" is defined in terms of GDP). However, not all socialists subscribe to the idea of nationalization, some preferring socialisation instead...
In The Road to Serfdom, Friedrich Hayek argued that the more even distribution of wealth through the nationalization of the means of production cannot be achieved without a loss of political, economic, and human rights. He argued that to achieve control over means of production and distribution of wealth it is necessary for such socialists to acqui...
Some critics of socialism see socialism as a type of political state organization instead of as a type of socioeconomic structure (as is traditional). These thinkers generally criticize what they term "socialist states" rather than "socialism." Milton Friedman argued that the absence of private economic activity would enable political leaders to gr...
Many commentators on the political right point to the mass killings under communist regimes, claiming them as an indictment of socialism. The Black Book of Communismhas been one of the most elaborate popular works to make this point. Defenders of socialism state that the mass killings under communist regimes were aberrations caused by specific auth...
Hayek, Friedrich (1988). The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226320687.Hayek, Friedrich (1997). Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226320588.Vor 22 Stunden · Authoritarian socialism is derived from the concept of socialism from above. Hal Draper defined socialism from above as the philosophy which employs an elite administration to run the socialist state. The other side of socialism is a more democratic socialism from below. [1] The idea of socialism from above is much more frequently discussed in ...
Vor 22 Stunden · Robert Stumpfl (1904–1937), Philologie und Theaterwissenschaftler. Eduard Volters, gebürtig Eduard Vodicka (1904–1972), Schauspieler, Regisseur und Dramaturg. Hugo Wiener (1904–1993), Komponist und Pianist. George Victor Wolfe (1904–1990), österreichisch-US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler, Hochschullehrer.
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