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Vor 17 Stunden · Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun ( US: / ˌvɜːrnər vɒn ˈbraʊn / VUR-nər von BROWN, German: [ˌvɛʁnheːɐ̯ fɔn ˈbʁaʊ̯n]; 23 March 1912 – 16 June 1977) was a German-American aerospace engineer [3] and space architect. He was a member of the Nazi Party and Allgemeine SS, the leading figure in the development of rocket ...
Vor 17 Stunden · t. e. The Weimar Republic, [c] officially known as the German Reich, [d] was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.
Vor 17 Stunden · Etymology The English word sun developed from Old English sunne. Cognates appear in other Germanic languages, including West Frisian sinne, Dutch zon, Low German Sünn, Standard German Sonne, Bavarian Sunna, Old Norse sunna, and Gothic sunnō. All these words stem from Proto-Germanic * sunnōn. This is ultimately related to the word for sun in other branches of the Indo-European language ...
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In the 19th century some European scholars, such as Mountstuart Elphinstone, favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's Pashtun people but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship and, as explained by Morgenstierne in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, is for "various reasons very improbable". Instead scholars assume that the...
Early history
A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of Ghor and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the Ghaznavids and Seljuks for about 150 years. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram-Shah of Ghazna poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge i...
The Ghurids at their zenith
Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with the aid of his loyal brother Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat, and Balkh. In 1173, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad reconquered the city of Ghaz...
Decline and fall
A confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders, and the Khwarezmids were able to take over the Ghūrids' empire in about 1215. Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India. On his death, the importance of Ghazna and Ghor dissipated, and they were replaced by Delhi as power centre in India during the rule of his Mamluksuccessors.
The Ghurids were great patrons of Persian culture and literature and lay the basis for a Persianized state in Indian subcontinent. However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred Iranian architectureto India. Out of the Ghurid state grew the Delhi Sultanate which established the Persian language a...
Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001a). "Ghaznavids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. New York. pp. 578–583.Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001b). "Ghurids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. New York. pp. 586–590.Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Ghaznavids and Ghūrids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Iranian world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–165. ISBN 0-521-2009...O'Neal, Michael (2015). "Ghūrids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.Vor 17 Stunden · t. e. The cosmic microwave background ( CMB or CMBR) is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. It is a remnant that provides an important source of data on the primordial universe. [1] With a standard optical telescope, the background space between stars and galaxies is almost completely dark.
Vor 17 Stunden · Turkish War of Independence. Boundaries in 1920. In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political ...
Vor 17 Stunden · This chronology of recordings issued on King Records and its associated labels documents the various Latin-American musical influences on King’s collective output, beginning in the late 1940s. While Latin sounds have never been a driving force at King, it is nevertheless surprising to see the range of Latin musical styles reflected in King’s famously eclectic […]
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