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Clinical psychology has grown tremendously since 1896, the year Lightner Witmer founded the world’s first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania (Reisman, 1976). While once associated merely with clinic-based evaluation and treatment of...
- Michael Alessandri, Lynda A. Heiden, Melisa Dunbar-Welter
- 1995
- Clinical Psychology
- Scientific Medicine
- Changes in Life Expectancy and Causes of Death
- Psychosomatic Medicine .
- Rise of Clinical Psychology in Mental Health Treatment
- A Changing Landscape For Medicine and Psychology
- Biology Meets Behavioral and Social Science
- Behavioral Health Zeitgeist
Clinical psychology received its formal start from Lightner Witmer, a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania, who had trained with Wundt in Germany in the 1890s . Witmer’s initial research interests concerned individual differences in sensory and perceptual abilities, but he was also eager to use psychological principles to solve applied pr...
What was conspicuously absent from the purview of early clinical psychologists was physical health, which was considered exclusively to be in medicine’s domain. Modern readers, of course, tend to think of medicine with its sophisticated tests, procedures, devices, and medications. Prior to the mid-twentieth century, however, physicians mainly relie...
During the twentieth century, life expectancy was extended, on an average, by about 30 years, which was commonly attributed to medical scientific advances. Also in 1900, death due to infectious diseases was the leading cause of death, which comprised about 30 %. In the year 2000, deaths due to infectious disease comprised only 3 % [10–12]. Vaccinat...
In the early twentieth century, there was a discipline that was concerned about physical disorders and their psychological origins/treatment. Psychiatry was extending Freud’s theories to physical conditions, leading to the development of psychosomatic medicine. Freud originally studied disorders that seemed to have no physical cause, such as hyster...
World War II created a significant demand for mental health services for military personnel and veterans. The so-called neuropsychiatric patients outnumbered patients with other kinds of disorders in veterans’ hospitals . (As soldiers began to return from combat, psychologists started to notice symptoms of psychological trauma labeled “shell shock,...
At least three parallel developments helped to create an environment much more receptive to the call for a more comprehensive medicine with a role for clinical psychology. First, there was increasing appreciation that the aforementioned decline in infectious diseases was accompanied by increases in diseases stemming from individual behavior and lif...
From the mid-1950s, psychologists, including those in the clinical subfield, began to conduct research on phenomena and practical problems extending beyond mental health concerns. For example, the Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed by Hochbaum, Kegeles, Leventhal, and Rosenstock, all psychologists in the US Public Health Service, who were tryi...
In 1977, Engel published a paper entitled “The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine” as a lead article in Science . Engel proposed a new model, the biopsychosocial model, which recognized that illness and health were a function of three interrelated systems—biological, psychological, and social. Engel perceived that adoption of...
- Mark Vander Weg, Jerry Suls
- 2014
During the last ten years the laboratory of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania has conducted, under my direction, what I have called "a psychological clinic". Children from the public schools of Philadelphia and adjacent cities have been brought to the laboratory by parents or teachers; these children had made themselves conspicuous ...
Psychology has been at the University of Pennsylvania since 1887. From the start it has emphasized both scientific rigor and practical application, not always at the same time. The first professor, James McKeen Cattell, was an advocate of scientific method and careful data collection (with expensive apparatus).
By the late 1990s, available statistics suggest that of an estimated 245,000 professionals, 16% were psychiatrists, 32% were clinical psychologists, 13% were mental health nurses, and 39% were clinical social workers. 1. Download to read the full chapter text.
Share. Summary. Since World War II, clinical psychology has defined, refined, and expanded itself in concert with contemporary issues and demands. This chapter details the major developments in clinical psychology from immediately after World War II to the present.
This reprinted article originally appeared in The Psychological Clinic, 1907, I. Witmer 's original article describes the development of the psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania and explains the function of the clinic in providing conjoint physical and mental examinations.
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