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In 1807, following a French triumph at Friedland Napoleon and Alexander I of Russia signed the Treaty of Tilsit along the Neman River. These treaties progressively solidified Russia's alignment with France, allowing Napoleon to exert dominance over neighboring states. The accord rendered Russia an ally of France, leading to their ...
- Overview
- The Continental System and the blockade, 1807–11
- The coercion of Europe
- The orders in council and Napoleon’s decrees of 1807
Napoleon’s Berlin decree of November 21, 1806, had already declared that the British Isles were under blockade and that “no ship which comes directly from England or the English colonies…shall…enter any of our harbours.” The secret Franco-Russian alliance of Tilsit furthered his scheme for economic warfare against Great Britain, since the cooperati...
Napoleon’s Berlin decree of November 21, 1806, had already declared that the British Isles were under blockade and that “no ship which comes directly from England or the English colonies…shall…enter any of our harbours.” The secret Franco-Russian alliance of Tilsit furthered his scheme for economic warfare against Great Britain, since the cooperati...
Soon informed of the Franco-Russian agreement, the British government tried to prevent Denmark from joining Napoleon’s Continental System. On July 26, 1807, Adm. James Gambier sailed for Copenhagen with a massive fleet, and his junction with Cathcart’s troops, evacuated from Swedish Pomerania, enabled him to land 27,000 men near Copenhagen on August 16. The Danes were offered an alliance and told that in any case they must surrender their fleet for the duration of the war. Rejection of this ultimatum led to the bombardment of Copenhagen (September 2–5), and the Danes capitulated on September 7. The British withdrew with 18 Danish ships of the line and many smaller vessels. Denmark signed an alliance with France on October 30, 1807.
On July 19, 1807, Napoleon informed the Portuguese that they must join the Continental System, and ten days later he ordered the concentration around Bayonne of 20,000 troops under Andoche Junot. The Portuguese tried to placate both belligerents by proposing to refuse to confiscate British goods but to close their ports and to go through the motions of making war on Great Britain. Neither side would accept such a policy. In mid-October the French troops set out for Portugal, marching through Spain. The Franco-Spanish convention of Fontainebleau (October 27) regulated a partition of Portugal: the northwest, with Porto, should go to the house of Bourbon-Parma in return for the cession of Etruria to France; Algarve and Alentejo were to go to Manuel de Godoy, the Spanish court’s favourite; the rest was to be at Napoleon’s disposition. On November 30, Junot’s vanguard reached Lisbon, whence the Portuguese royal family had embarked for Brazil with a British escort. On the pretext of supporting Junot in Portugal, Napoleon was organizing three more army corps for Spain.
In Italy, Tuscany (Etruria) was annexed to the French empire in pursuance of the convention of Fontainebleau. Parma was also formally incorporated into the empire and the papal Marches were added to the kingdom of Italy in April 1808, extending French surveillance of the Adriatic coast. Russia declared war on Great Britain on October 31, 1807, and Prussia followed suit on December 1, apologizing secretly to the British government for its action. Austria, which had joined the Continental System in October, was forced to announce a state of hostilities with Great Britain early in 1808.
Russia, having begun to mass forces on the Finnish frontier in November 1807, invaded Swedish Finland, with Danish support, on February 21, 1808. The British granted Sweden a subsidy of £1,200,000, but the nature of King Gustav IV Adolf’s plans made it impossible to find a basis for common military action, and the 12,000 troops under Sir John Moore, sent to Göteborg in May 1808, returned without having landed. British shipping, however, continued to supply Swedish markets and to engage in contraband trade with the other Baltic countries.
The British further retaliated to the Berlin decree and the Tilsit agreement by the orders in council of November 11, 18, and 25, and of December 18, 1807. These prescribed that any port closed to the British was to be regarded as under blockade and that, under pain of confiscation, any neutral vessel sailing to or from such ports was to put in at a British port to obtain a license to trade with the enemy and to pay customs duties (now increased to 20–30 percent) on its cargo. By taxing neutral, principally American, trade with enemy colonies, the orders favoured the interests of British merchants and planters, who had been complaining of foreign competition. As far as was practicable, the continent of Europe was to receive its commerce through Great Britain, and, up to the point where British shipping capacity proved insufficient, the license system ensured that this trade was carried in British vessels.
Since in practice the Berlin decree did not prevent neutral vessels from bringing British cargoes into French-held ports, Napoleon intensified his measures by the decree of Fontainebleau (October 13, 1807) and the two decrees of Milan (November 23 and December 17). The decrees of October 13 and November 23 classed all colonial produce as British unless carrying a certificate of origin, while that of December 17 declared that “all ships which had submitted to the British [orders in council] were denationalized, and good and lawful prize; and every ship sailing from or to Great Britain or any of its colonies…was good and lawful prize.”
Exacerbating tensions was the 1807 formation of the Duchy of Warsaw. Though Napoleon created that state from Prussian, not Russian, lands, Alexander worried that it would incite a hostile...
24. Aug. 2023 · Napoleon 's Invasion of Russia, also known as the Second Polish War or, in Russia, as the Patriotic War of 1812, was a campaign undertaken by French Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and his 615,000-man Grande Armée against the Russian Empire. It was a catastrophic defeat for Napoleon and one of history's deadliest military ...
- Napoleon's invasion of Russia involved around 615,000 men, 200,000 horses, and 1,300 guns along with a supply train of 7,848 vehicles.
- Napoleon invaded Russia on 24 June 1812 but suffered heavy losses as the Russians engaged in a war of attrition. Napoleon won the Battle of Borodin...
- Of Napoleon's initial 615,000 men, less than 100,000 returned from Russia. Of the half-million losses, 380,000 had died, 120,000 were taken prisone...
- France invaded Russia in 1812 primarily to force it to rejoin the Continental System embargo against Britain.
The Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire commanded by Napoleon I and the armies of the Russian Empire led by Count von Bennigsen.
The Treaties of Tilsit (French: Traités de Tilsit), also collectively known as the Peace of Tilsit (German: Friede von Tilsit, Russian: Тильзитский мир, romanized: Tilzitski mir), were two peace treaties signed by French Emperor Napoleon in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland ...
13. Mai 2024 · Battle of Friedland, (June 14, 1807), engagement of the Napoleonic Wars fought at Friedland (now Pravdinsk, Russia), 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Königsberg (Kaliningrad, Russia) in East Prussia. About 80,000 troops of Napoleon’s Grande Armée (including Polish, Dutch, Italian, and German units)
