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Citation. Thorndike, E.L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper's Magazine, 140, 227–235.
- E.L. Thorndike
- 1920
How to measure and classify intelligence in different domains and situations? This article by Edward L. Thorndike, a professor of educational psychology, explores the concept of intelligence and its applications in various fields.
Intelligence and its uses, by Edward L. (Edward Lee) Thorndike. January 1920 Issue [Article] Intelligence and its uses. Download PDF. Adjust.
- Overview
- Theories of intelligence
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Human intelligence is, generally speaking, the mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to control an environment. However, the question of what, exactly, defines human intelligence is contested, particularly among researchers of artificial intelligence, though there is broader agreement that intelligence consists of multiple processes, rather than being a single ability.
Can human intelligence be measured?
There is a long history of efforts to measure human intelligence. Modern theories of measurement can be traced to the French psychologist Alfred Binet and the English scientist Francis Galton, both of whom were researching intelligence during the second half of the 19th century. Standardized intelligence tests became popular during the 20th century, though their shortcomings have been extensively documented.
human intelligence, mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment.
Much of the excitement among investigators in the field of intelligence derives from their attempts to determine exactly what intelligence is. Different investigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. For example, in a 1921 symposium the American psychologists Lewis Terman and Edward L. Thorndike differed over the definition of intelligence, Terman stressing the ability to think abstractly and Thorndike emphasizing learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. More recently, however, psychologists have generally agreed that adaptation to the environment is the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a variety of settings: a student in school learns the material he needs to know in order to do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with unfamiliar symptoms learns about the underlying disease; or an artist reworks a painting to convey a more coherent impression. For the most part, adaptation involves making a change in oneself in order to cope more effectively with the environment, but it can also mean changing the environment or finding an entirely new one.
Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main emphasis in a definition of intelligence, then, is that it is not a cognitive or mental process per se but rather a selective combination of these processes that is purposively directed toward effective adaptation. Thus, the physician who learns about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering the crucial aspects that are needed to treat the patient, and then utilizing reason to solve the problem of applying the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in total, has come to be regarded not as a single ability but as an effective drawing together of many abilities. This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however; indeed, much of the history of the field revolves around arguments regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence.
Theories of intelligence, as is the case with most scientific theories, have evolved through a succession of models. Four of the most influential paradigms have been psychological measurement, also known as psychometrics; cognitive psychology, which concerns itself with the processes by which the mind functions; cognitivism and contextualism, a com...
Learn about human intelligence, the mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn, adapt, and use knowledge. Explore the different theories and models of intelligence, such as psychometric, cognitive, and biological approaches.
Chapter. Information. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence , pp. 891 - 1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770422. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Print publication year: 2020. Access options. Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below.
4. Dez. 2010 · Intelligence can be defined as a general mental ability for reasoning, problem solving, and learning. Because of its general nature, intelligence integrates cognitive functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, or planning.
1. Feb. 2024 · Learn about the concept of intelligence in psychology, how it is defined, measured, and classified. Explore different theories of intelligence, such as general intelligence, primary mental abilities, and multiple intelligences.
