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Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture (around 1742 – May 19, 1816 in Agen, France) was the wife of Toussaint Louverture and the "Dame-Consort" of the French colony of Saint-Domingue.
2. März 2020 · Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture (1742?-1816), the wife of Toussaint Louverture (1743?-1803), was arrested with her husband during the Haitian revolution in 1802. Napoleon Bonaparte sent General Charles Leclerc to apprehend Louverture and deport him to the French Alps.
Suzanne Simon-Baptiste, ou Suzanne Louverture (1752-1816), est l'épouse du général Toussaint Louverture, gouverneur-général de la colonie française de Saint-Domingue. Lorsque celui-ci se proclama gouverneur-général à vie en 1797, elle occupa un rôle identique à celui de « Première dame ».
Robin’s forthcoming book will be the first biography of Suzanne Simone Baptiste, also known as Madame Toussaint Louverture, a heretofore neglected yet influential figure in the history of Blackness in Europe. This biography will be published with Princeton University Press.
- Early Life
- Haitian Revolution
- Views and Stances
- Legacy
- Literature
- External Links
Birth, parentage, and childhood
L'Ouverture was born into slavery, the eldest son of Hyppolite, an Allada slave from the slave coast of West Africa, and his second wife Pauline, a slave from the Aja ethnic group, and given the name Toussaint at birth. Louverture's son Issac would later name his great-grandfather, Hyppolite's father, as Gaou Guinou and a son of the King of Allada, although there is little extant evidence of this. The name Gaou possibly originated in the title Deguenon, meaning "old man" or "wise man" in the...
First marriage and manumission
Until 1938, historians believed that Louverture had been a slave until the start of the revolution.[note 1][citation needed] In the later 20th century, discovery of a personal marriage certificate and baptismal record dated between 1776 and 1777 documented that Louverture was a freeman, meaning that he had been manumitted sometime between 1772 and 1776, the time de Libertat had become overseer. This finding retrospectively clarified a private letter that Louverture sent to the French governme...
Second marriage
In 1782, Louverture married his second wife, Suzanne Simone-Baptiste, who is thought to have been his cousin or the daughter of his godfather Pierre-Baptiste.: 263 Toward the end of his life, Louverture told General Caffarelli that he had fathered at least 16 children, of whom 11 had predeceased him, between his two wives and a series of mistresses.: 264–267 In 1785, Louverture's eldest child, the 24-year-old Toussaint Jr., died from a fever and the family organized a formal Catholic funeral...
Beginnings of a rebellion: 1789–1793
Beginning in 1789, the black and mulatto population of Saint-Domingue became inspired by a multitude of factors that converged on the island in the late 1780s and early 1790s leading them to organize a series of rebellions against the central white colonial assembly in Le Cap. In 1789 two mix-race Creole merchants, Vincent Ogé and Julien Raimond, happened to be in France during the early stages of the French Revolution. Here they began lobbying the French National Assembly to expand voting ri...
Alliance with the Spanish: 1793–1794
Despite adhering to royalist views, Louverture began to use the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution. From being willing to bargain for better conditions of slavery late in 1791, he had become committed to its complete abolition. After an offer of land, privileges, and recognizing the freedom of slave soldiers and their families, Jean-François and Biassou formally allied with the Spanish in May 1793; Louverture likely did so in early June. He had made covert...
Alliance with the French: 1794–1796
The timing of and motivation behind Louverture's volte-face against Spain remains debated among historians. C. L. R. James claimed that upon learning of the emancipation decree in May 1794, Louverture decided to join the French in June. It is argued by Beaubrun Ardouin that Toussaint was indifferent toward black freedom, concerned primarily for his own safety and resentful over his treatment by the Spanish – leading him to officially join the French on 4 May 1794 when he raised the republican...
Religion and spirituality
Throughout his life, Louverture was known as a devout Roman Catholic. Having been baptized into the church as a slave by the Jesuits, Louverture would go on to be one of the few slaves on the Bréda plantation to be labeled devout. He celebrated Mass every day when possible, regularly served as godfather at multiple slave baptisms, and constantly quizzed others on the catechism of the church. In 1763 the Jesuits were expelled for spreading Catholicism among the slaves and undermining planter p...
In his absence, Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian rebellion until its completion, finally defeating the French forces in 1803, two-thirds of the men had died when Napoleon withdrew his forces.[citation needed] John Brown claimed influence by Louverture in his plans to invade Harpers Ferry. During the 19th century, African Americans referred t...
Dubroca. The Life of Toussaint Louverture, Chief of the French Rebels in St. Domingo(1802)26. Okt. 2007 · Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture (born around 1742 - May 19, 1816 Agen, France) was the wife of Toussaint Louverture. Some sources claim she might have been a relative (perhaps a niece) of Pierre Baptiste, Toussaint's father or godfather. A strong family woman, she was fiercely loyal to and deeply in love with Toussaint.
The Torture of Suzanne Louverture. After Charles Williams, Boney’s Inquisition.Another Specimen of his Humanity on the Person of Madame Toussaint. London: ‘Pubd. Octr. 25th 1804 by by S.W. Fores, 50 Piccadilly’, 1804. Hand colored etching.
