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Akkadian (/ ə ˈ k eɪ d i ən /; Akkadian: 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑, romanized: Akkadû) is an extinct East Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa, Babylonia and perhaps Dilmun) from the third millennium BC until its gradual replacement in common use by Old Aramaic among Assyrians and ...
3. Nov. 2023 · Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. Akkadian, the language of the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians, was once the lingua franca of the entire Near East. Despite dying out as a language two millennia ago, Akkadian’s decipherment in the 18th century unlocked a vast treasure trove of information on the history and peoples of the ancient Near ...
2. Mai 2024 · Akkadian language, extinct Semitic language of the Northern Peripheral group, spoken in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium bce. Akkadian spread across an area extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf during the time of Sargon (Akkadian Sharrum-kin) of the Akkad dynasty, who reigned from about 2334 to about 2279 bce.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
8. Apr. 2024 · Akkad, ancient region in what is now central Iraq. Its early inhabitants were predominantly speakers of a Semitic language called Akkadian. Akkad was the northern portion of ancient Babylonia—alongside the southern portion, Sumer, which was inhabited by a non-Semitic people known as Sumerians.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Pronouns
- Nouns and Adjectives
- Prepositions and Conjunctions
- Other Particles
- Adverbial Constructions
- Verbs. Basic Patterns
- Themes
- Weak Verbs
Akkadian shows a rich range of bound and unbound pronominal forms, especially personal pronouns. In the third person, the distinctive element is š, where West Semitic, for example, has h, e.g., šu ("he"), ši ("she"). Unbound pronominal forms distinguish three case forms: nominative, genitive/accusative, dative, e.g., anāku, yāti, yāši ("I"), respec...
Nouns and adjectives show structural patterning as in other Semitic languages, e.g., parrāsum as an "occupational" pattern, e.g., dayyānum ("judge") or qarrādum ("warrior"); and maprasum indicating instrument or place, e.g., maškanum("depot"; cf. Barth's Law above). Formally, there are two genders, masculine (zero marker) and feminine (atmarker). T...
Prepositions govern the genitive ease of nouns, e.g, alpam kīma alpim ("[he will replace] ox for ox"), and most prepositions can also function as conjunctions in which case the verb appears in the subjunctive, e.g., kīma ērubu ("when/as soon as he entered"). It should be noted that ina ("in"), ana ("to") and ištu ("from") suppleted the common Semit...
Common negations are lā and ul, e.g., lā iddinūšum ("they did not give him"), ul aššat ("she is not a wife"), lā kittum ("untruth"). Conjunctives are u, "and," "or," e.g., bēl šamē u erṣetim ("Lord of heaven and earth"), and the enclitic -ma used post-verbally as a sentence conjunctive, e.g., ul itārma… ul uššab ("he shall not return and take his s...
In adverbial constructions the accusative is often used, e.g., imittam ("to the right"). Among the adverbial formatives are the locative-adverbial in -um/ū which with nouns functions sequentially as a case, libbu/libbum = ina libbim, libbuššu < -umšu ("in it"), and is used as an adverbial formative, e.g., balum ("without"). The locative terminative...
All tenses of the verb are prefixed forms: iprus ("he cut") preterite, iparras ("he cuts") present-future with characteristic doubling of the middle root radical, and, unique to Akkadian, iptaras ("he has cut / will have cut") perfect, a syntactically conditioned stressed or consequential form, e.g., dayyānum dīnam idīn… warkānumma dīnšu īteni ("th...
In common with other Semitic languages, semantic nuances can be given to the verb by a system of themes or forms exhibiting characteristic structures. The basic forms are commonly four in number, though rarer types can also be demonstrated. The basic verb theme is termed G (~ Hebrew qal) and contains verbs with both stative, e.g., (w)arāqum ("to be...
There are several classes of "weak" verbs. Primae Aleph has two groups, those without apophony, e.g., akālum ("to eat"), and those with, e.g, epēšum ("to do"). The vowel coloring is generally a function of the underlying laryngeal, although some forms show a strong aleph. The basic phonological change here is that vʾ > v¯; thus, ‡iʾpuš preterite (p...
The Akkadian empire reached its apogee under Naram-Sin (r. ca. 2260–2223 B.C.), and there are references to campaigns against powerful states in the north, possibly including Ebla. At its greatest extent, the empire reached as far as Anatolia in the north, inner Iran in the east, Arabia in the south, and the Mediterranean in the west.
28. Apr. 2011 · Akkad was the seat of the Akkadian Empire (2334-2218 BCE), the first multi-national political entity in the world, founded by Sargon the Great (r. 2334-2279 BCE) who unified Mesopotamia under his rule and set the model for later Mesopotamian kings to follow or attempt to surpass.
