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Vor 3 Tagen · Without doubt, early printmaking was strongly influenced by a desire for multiple prints. Artists quickly discovered, however, that when a drawing is translated into a woodcut or engraving , it takes on totally new characteristics.
The resulting print is often the mirror image of the original design on the matrix. One of the great benefits of printmaking (save for monotype) is that multiple impressions of the same design can be printed from a single matrix. Learn more about the various printmaking techniques below.
- Overview
- History of printmaking
- The Netherlands and Burgundy
- France
Engraving is one of the oldest art forms. Engraved designs have been found on prehistoric bones, stones, and cave walls. The technique of duplicating images goes back several thousand years to the Sumerians (c. 3000 bce), who engraved designs and cuneiform inscriptions on cylinder seals (usually made of stone), which, when rolled over soft clay tablets, left relief impressions. They conceived not only the idea of multiplication but also the mechanical principle, the roller, which in more sophisticated form became the printing press.
On the basis of stone designs and seals found in China, there is speculation that the Chinese may have produced a primitive form of print—the rubbing—about the 2nd century ce. The first authenticated prints rubbed from woodblocks were Buddhist charms printed in Japan and distributed between 764 and 770 ce. It is believed that the first wood-block prints on textiles were made by the Egyptians in the 6th or 7th century; but the earliest printed image with an authenticated date is a scroll of the Diamond Sutra (one of the discourses of the Buddha) printed by Wang Jie in 868 ce, which was found in a cave in eastern Turkistan.
In Europe, stamping (to imprint royal seals and signatures) preceded printing by rubbing or with a press. The earliest documented impressed royal signature is that of Henry VI of England, dated 1436.
Textile printing, however, was known in Europe in the 6th century, the designs consisting largely of repeated decorative patterns. Printing on paper developed from textile printing, following the introduction of paper from China. The first European paper was made in 1151, at Xativa (modern Játiva), Spain. Soon afterward paper manufacturing began in France and then in Germany and Italy, notably by Fabriano, whose enterprise was established in 1276.
The first woodcuts on paper, printed in quantity, were playing cards. The term Kartenmahler or Kartenmacher (“painter or maker of playing cards,” respectively) appears on a German document dated 1402; and documents from both Italy and France from the middle of the 15th century mention woodblocks for the printing of playing cards. The earliest dated woodcut is a “Madonna with Four Virgin Saints in a Garden” from the year 1418.
Many documents from the 15th century indicate that a clear distinction was made between the designer and the cutter of the woodblocks. From the outset, woodcut was primarily a facsimile process: the cutter copied a drawing provided by the designer.
Engraving is one of the oldest art forms. Engraved designs have been found on prehistoric bones, stones, and cave walls. The technique of duplicating images goes back several thousand years to the Sumerians (c. 3000 bce), who engraved designs and cuneiform inscriptions on cylinder seals (usually made of stone), which, when rolled over soft clay tablets, left relief impressions. They conceived not only the idea of multiplication but also the mechanical principle, the roller, which in more sophisticated form became the printing press.
On the basis of stone designs and seals found in China, there is speculation that the Chinese may have produced a primitive form of print—the rubbing—about the 2nd century ce. The first authenticated prints rubbed from woodblocks were Buddhist charms printed in Japan and distributed between 764 and 770 ce. It is believed that the first wood-block prints on textiles were made by the Egyptians in the 6th or 7th century; but the earliest printed image with an authenticated date is a scroll of the Diamond Sutra (one of the discourses of the Buddha) printed by Wang Jie in 868 ce, which was found in a cave in eastern Turkistan.
In Europe, stamping (to imprint royal seals and signatures) preceded printing by rubbing or with a press. The earliest documented impressed royal signature is that of Henry VI of England, dated 1436.
Textile printing, however, was known in Europe in the 6th century, the designs consisting largely of repeated decorative patterns. Printing on paper developed from textile printing, following the introduction of paper from China. The first European paper was made in 1151, at Xativa (modern Játiva), Spain. Soon afterward paper manufacturing began in France and then in Germany and Italy, notably by Fabriano, whose enterprise was established in 1276.
The first woodcuts on paper, printed in quantity, were playing cards. The term Kartenmahler or Kartenmacher (“painter or maker of playing cards,” respectively) appears on a German document dated 1402; and documents from both Italy and France from the middle of the 15th century mention woodblocks for the printing of playing cards. The earliest dated woodcut is a “Madonna with Four Virgin Saints in a Garden” from the year 1418.
Many documents from the 15th century indicate that a clear distinction was made between the designer and the cutter of the woodblocks. From the outset, woodcut was primarily a facsimile process: the cutter copied a drawing provided by the designer.
The first half of the 15th century in the Netherlands and Burgundy was dominated by woodcut book illustrations. Although no single prints of great importance were produced, beautiful books were published. Antwerp and Delft were the main printing centres.
Parallel with, if not even a little earlier than, the emergence of distinguished printmakers in mid-15th-century Germany, a group of great engravers emerged in the Netherlands and neighbouring Burgundy. Superb artists, they are identified only by the subject of their most characteristic work: the Master of the Death of Mary, Master of the Gardens of Love, and Master of the Mount of Calvary.
In France, book illustrations dominated printmaking throughout the century. Paris, the cultural centre, led in book publishing, although other prosperous cities, such as Lyon, produced many illustrated books. The publications printed by Dupré and Pierre Le Rouge are the glories of French medieval graphic art.
Strangely enough, there was little engraving of importance. Most of the French engravings of this period were either rather crude, provincial illustrations or playing cards.
28. Dez. 2023 · From the earliest cave paintings and stenciling techniques to the revolutionary invention of woodblock printing in ancient China, printmaking has been an important way for people to express themselves and share ideas. But Johannes Gutenberg’s vision of the printing press in the 15th century changed the world of printmaking.
By Shira Wolfe. In our article series, Agents of Change, we explore developments and innovations, both technical and technological, that had a seismic impact on artistic production and consequently changed it in key ways, forever.
During the second half of the fifteenth century after Gutenberg invented his printing press, woodcuts became the most effective method of illustrating texts made with movable type. As a result, cities in Europe—namely Mainz, Germany and Venice, Italy
Printmaking techniques are generally divided into the following basic categories: Relief, where ink is applied to the original surface of the matrix, while carved or displaced grooves are absent of ink. Relief techniques include woodcut or woodblock, wood engraving, linocut and metalcut.
