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The Thuringian-Franconian Highlands ( German: Thüringisch-Fränkische Mittelgebirge) are a natural region of Germany which is designated as D48 or 39 by the BfN. It consists mainly of a ridge of mountains up to just under 1,000 m high between the Central Upland areas of the Thuringian Forest, Thuringian Slate Mountains, Franconian ...
The Franconian parts of Thuringia ( Henneberg Franconia) lie within the Southwest Thuringia Planning Region. The Franconian regions in Hesse form the smaller parts of the districts of Fulda ( Kassel region) and the Odenwaldkreis ( Darmstadt region ), or lie on the borders with Bavaria or Thuringia.
Franconia was bordered by Saxony to the north, Thuringia to the north-east, and Alemannia (Swabia) and Bavaria to the south.
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Archaeological finds of artifacts in Kronach and on the Schalksberg in Würzburg show that the region had already been settled by the middle ice age (the Pleistocene), about 600,000 years ago, by primitive man (Homo erectus). Fossils have also been found dating to the later phases of the Pleistocene. But the oldest find of human remains in Franconia...
Early Middle Ages
Until the beginning of the 6th century, the East Francian region was caught in the area of tension between the Thuringians and the Alemanni. For example, the Cosmographer of Ravenna in the 7th century, wrote that the rivers Naab and Regen in today's Upper Palatinate joined the Danube in the land of the Thuringians. He apparently obtained this information from older sources, which makes the periodic expansion of Thuringian influence in the 5th and early 6th centuries, at least into Upper Franc...
High Middle Ages
In the mid-9th century, the Stem Duchy of Franconia emerged, one of the five stem duchies of the East Francian Empire. Present-day Franconia, however, only covers the eastern part of this duchy. Until the 10th century, Franconia also comprised Rhenish or West Franconia. This part covered present-day Hesse, Rhenish Hesse, the Palatinate region, and North Baden, and also included parts of modern Thuringia south of the Rennsteigpath. In the 9th century, the so-called older Babenberg family, also...
Late Middle Ages
In the emperor-less period, the Interregnum (1254-1273), individual princes became increasingly powerful. After the Interregnum rulers succeeded, however, in re-establishing a strong royal following in Franconia. Franconia played an important role for the monarchy as early as the reign of Rudolf of Habsburg and the Itinerariesof the kings that followed him demonstrated a preference for the Rhine-Main area. In spite of all that, Franconia fragmented into a Kleinstaaterei. In addition to the di...
Emergence of the Franconian Circle
On 2 July 1500, during the reign of Emperor Maximilian I, the Empire was divided into Imperial Circles in the wake of the Imperial Reform movement. This led to the emergence of the Franconian Circle. Initially, it was only called "Circle No. 1"; not until 1522 was it first referred to as the "Franconian Circle". The Imperial Circles were not territories, but regional groupings of neighbouring imperial estates in order to carry out common tasks. These included the call up of forces for the Imp...
Reformation in Franconia
Franconia, and especially the mighty imperial city of Nuremberg, had an important role in the spread of the Reformation movement triggered by Martin Luther. Very early on, in the two churches in Nuremberg open posts were filled by people from the group around Luther. Important Nuremberg citizens, such as Anton Tucher and Albrecht Dürer, were in close contact with the Wittenberg Circle where Luther was based. The Luther Bible was printed in Nuremberg and was dispatched across the German-speaki...
Franconian War
The notorious robber knight, Hans Thomas of Absberg, regularly kidnapped merchants and noblemen in the Franconian region. This resulted in the Emperor, Charles V outlawing Absberg by imposing the Imperial Ban. Following the kidnapping of Hans Lamparter of Greiffenstein, the Emperor's spokesman, and Johann Lucas, who handled financial business at the personal direction of the Emperor, Charles V secured the support of the Swabian League for a more targeted effort to defeat Absberg and the Franc...
Werner K. Blessing, Dieter Weiß (eds.): Franken. Vorstellung und Wirklichkeit in der Geschichte, (= Franconia. Supplements to the Yearbook for Franconian State Research, Vol. 1), Neustadt (Aisch),...Jürgen Petersohn: Franken im Mittelalter. Identität und Profil im Spiegel von Bewußtsein und Vorstellung (Vorträge und Forschungen, Sonderband 51), Ostfildern, 2008 (c.f. the review).Michael Peters: Geschichte Frankens. Vom Ausgang der Antike bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches. Katz Verlag, 2007. ISBN 978-3-938047-31-6 (c.f. the review).Conrad Scherzer: Franken, Land, Volk, Geschichte und Wirtschaft. Nürnberg: Verlag Nürnberger Presse Drexel, Merkel & Co., 1955, 489 pp., IDN: 451342119.Initially ruled as a county, Thuringia was situated in the central north of modern Germany, sandwiched between Saxony (north and west), Franconia (south and west), and the marches (to the east). To begin with Thuringia is subject to Saxony.
Where between 1949 and 1990 the German Inner Border was an insurmountable obstacle, you can now hike back and forth between Franconia and Thuringia to your heart's content. On both sides of the former border, babbling brooks, open pastures and quiet forests beckon.
Plan your visit to Northern Bavaria: Franconia, Germany: find out where to go and what to do in Northern Bavaria: Franconia with Rough Guides. Read about itineraries, activities, places to stay and travel essentials and get inspiration from the blog in the best guide to Northern Bavaria: Franconia.
