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David Gale Johnson (July 10, 1916 – April 13, 2003) was an American economist and an expert on Russia and China. Among other notable contributions to economics, Johnson concluded that the strength of an industry depends on how the market works and not so much on government actions.
13. Dez. 2016 · D. Gale Johnson, an intellectual leader in agricultural economics in the mid- to late 20th century, was an early critic of the parity price concept. His case against agricultural subsidies helped bring agricultural trade policy into the international policy arena.
Johnson, D.G. A structure theory for a class of lattice-ordered rings. Acta Math. 104, 163–215 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02546389. Download citation. Received: 11 June 1959. Issue Date: December 1960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02546389
- Donald Glen Johnson
- 1960
- Introduction
- 2 A New Frame for AI Discourse
- 2.1 Computational Artefacts
- 2.1.2 Programs in Computers with Sensors
- 2.2 Autonomy of Computational Artefacts
- 2.3 Unpredictability of Artefacts
- 2.4 Limits to Unpredictability
- 4 Sociotechnical Blindness
- 4.1 (Un)Predictability
- 5 Conclusions
critically important ethical issue facing the AI research community has to do with how AI research and AI products are responsibly conceptualized and presented to the public. The issue is most evident in the discourse around so-called ‘autonomous’ technologies. ‘Autonomy’ is used by AI researchers as a metaphor to refer to a Mario Verdicchio mario....
Our proposal might be seen as a new ontology because we propose that AI discourse recognize two distinct entities: computational artefacts and AI systems. Compu-tational artefacts are digital entities and AI systems consist of such artefacts together with human actors and social arrangements. Because AI always performs tasks that serve human purpos...
A computational artefact is an artefact whose operation is based on computation. AI researchers are generally focused on a special type of computational artefact, that is, those that are meant to mimic activities that are typically human, such as reasoning, making decisions, choosing, comparing, etc.
We can distinguish a second type of computational artefact as having a form of embodiment that allows it to receive input from the external environment, that is the non-digital world. Computational artefacts of this kind have sensors. In a way, even a keyboard could be considered a sensor that translates the mechanical movements of a user’s fingers...
Humans build artefacts and endow them with the proper hardware and software with specific goals in mind. By delegating the execution of the operations needed to reach those goals to the artefact, humans are freed of that burden. This is the basic idea behind automation. It characterizes all sorts of artefacts including computational ones. Humans ar...
When autonomy is understood in this way, it becomes clear that people will likely pay less attention to the artefact’s operation. This makes the artefact more unpredictable. Imagine again the garden-watering robot. If its owners realize that it is not in their garden, they may (correctly) think that the robot must be watering some other garden in t...
The unpredictability of computational artefacts is important for our purposes here because, rightly or wrongly, it plays into public fear and concern about ‘autonomous’ machines. However, it is important to note that the unpredictability of the operations of an artefact, even when intrinsic because based on quantum mechanical phenomena, is limited ...
Absence of discussion of the role played by programmers and other human actors in creating AI is another problem in current AI discourse that leads to misunder-standing and fear. What we call sociotechnical blindness, i.e. blindness to all of the human actors involved and all of the decisions necessary to make AI systems, allows AI researchers to b...
Neglecting the human actors in the development of a computational artefact makes the artefact seem more unpredictable than it actually is. Let us consider again Omohundro’s chess-playing killer robot, and let us compare it to the Roomba, which is a current system that is autonomous according to our definition. Even if the chess-playing killer robot...
In this paper we began with the idea that there is an ethical issue with regard to how AI researchers conceptualize, talk about, and present AI. We have argued that discourse about AI leads to misunderstanding and ultimately fear of AI because of two problems in the way AI is discussed and presented. The first problem is confusion about autonomy an...
- Deborah G. Johnson, Mario Verdicchio
- 2017
1. Jan. 2023 · D. Gale Johnson (1916–2003) January 2023. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-01775-9_24. In book: The Palgrave Companion to Chicago Economics (pp.595-634) Authors: Daniel A. Sumner. To read the full-text...
Current information and listing of economic research for D. Gale Johnson with RePEc Short-ID pjo254 Advanced search Economic literature: papers , articles , software , chapters , books .
D. JOHNSON, Professor Emeritus | Cited by 619 | of New Mexico State University, New Mexico (NMSU) | Read 24 publications | Contact D. JOHNSON
