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V2 Records (or V2 Music; V2 being an abbreviation for Virgin 2) is a record label that was purchased by Universal Music Group in 2007, sold to PIAS in 2013 and partially acquired by Universal in 2022 (as part of larger PIAS 49% equity acquisition).
V2 Records ist ein britisches Plattenlabel, das 1996 von Richard Branson gegründet wurde, nachdem dieser einige Jahre zuvor Virgin Records an EMI verkauft hatte. 2005 wurde ein Teil des Labels verkauft und mit Artemis Records verschmolzen, der Rest ging 2007 an Universal Music.
- Development History
- Technical Details
- Production
- Launch Sites
- Operational History
- Targets
- Countermeasures
- Assessment
- Unfulfilled Plans
- Post-War Use
During the late 1920s, a young Wernher von Braun bought a copy of Hermann Oberth's book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Spaces). In 1928 a Raketenrummel or "Rocket Rumble" fad in the poular media was initiated by Fritz von Opel and Max Valier, a collaborator of Oberth, by experimenting with rockets, including publi...
The A4 used a 75% ethanol/25% water mixture (B-Stoff) for fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) (A-Stoff) for oxidizer. The water reduced the flame temperature, acted as a coolant by turning to steam and augmented the thrust, tended to produce a smoother burn, and reduced thermal stress. Rudolf Hermann's supersonic wind tunnel was used to measure the A4's a...
On 27 March 1942, Dornberger proposed production plans and the building of a launching site on the Channel coast. In December, Speer ordered Major Thom and Dr. Steinhoff to reconnoitre the site near Watten. Assembly rooms were established at Peenemünde and in the Friedrichshafen facilities of Zeppelin Works. In 1943, a third factory, Raxwerke, was ...
After the Operation Crossbow bombing, initial plans for launching from the massive underground Watten, Wizernes and Sottevast bunkers or from fixed pads such as near the Château du Molay were dismissed in favour of mobile launching. Eight main storage dumps were planned and four had been completed by July 1944 (the one at Mery-sur-Oise was begun du...
The LXV Armeekorps z.b.V. formed during the last days of November 1943 in France commanded by General der Artillerie z.V. Erich Heinemann was responsible for the operational use of V-2. Three launch battalions were formed in late 1943, Artillerie Abteilung 836 (Mot.), Grossborn, Artillerie Abteilung 485 (Mot.), Naugard, and Artillerie Abteilung 962...
During the succeeding months about 3,172 V-2 rockets were fired at the following targets: 1. Belgium, 1,664: Antwerp (1,610), Liège (27), Hasselt (13), Tournai (9), Mons (3), Diest(2) 2. United Kingdom, 1,402: London (1,358), Norwich (43),: 289 Ipswich(1) 3. France, 76: Lille (25), Paris (22), Tourcoing (19), Arras (6), Cambrai(4) 4. Netherlands, 1...
Big Ben and Operation Crossbow
Unlike the V-1, the V-2's speed and trajectory made it practically invulnerable to anti-aircraft guns and fighters, as it dropped from an altitude of 100–110 km (62–68 mi) at up to three times the speed of sound at sea level (approximately 3,550 km/h (2,206 mph)). Nevertheless, the threat of what was then code-named "Big Ben" was great enough that efforts were made to seek countermeasures. The situation was similar to the pre-war concerns about manned bombers and resulted in a similar solutio...
Anti-aircraft gun system
General Frederick Alfred Pile, commander of Anti-Aircraft Command, studied the problem and proposed that enough anti-aircraft guns were available to produce a barrage of fire in the rocket's path, but only if provided with a reasonable prediction of the trajectory. The first estimates suggested that 320,000 shells would have to be fired for each rocket. About 2% of these were expected to fall back to the ground[further explanation needed], almost 90 tons of rounds, which would cause far more...
Direct attack and disinformation
The only effective defences against the V-2 campaign were to destroy the launch infrastructure—expensive in terms of bomber resources and casualties—or to cause the Germans to aim at the wrong place by disinformation. The British were able to convince the Germans to direct V-1s and V-2s aimed at London to less populated areas east of the city. This was done by sending deceptive reports on the sites hit and damage caused via the German espionage network in Britain, which was secretly controlle...
The German V-weapons (V-1 and V-2) cost the equivalent of about US$500 million. Given the relatively smaller size of the German economy, this represented an industrial effort equivalent to but slightly less than that of the U.S. Manhattan Project that produced the atomic bomb. 6,048 V-2s were built, at a cost of approximately 100,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (£2,370,0...
A submarine-towed launch platform was tested successfully, making it the prototype for submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The project codename was Prüfstand XII ("Test stand XII"), sometimes termed the rocket U-boat. If deployed, it would have allowed a U-boat to launch V-2 missiles against United States cities, though only with considerable ef...
At the end of the war, a competition began between the United States and the USSR to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and staff as possible. Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2s and parts were captured and shipped to the United States and 126 of the principal designers, including Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger, were captives of the Americans. ...
Als Vergeltungswaffen, oder kurz V-Waffen, bezeichnete man in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland insbesondere den Marschflugkörper Fieseler Fi 103 (V1), die Rakete Aggregat 4 (V2) und die Kanone V3. Im Einsatz wurden diese Waffensysteme gegen großflächige zivile Ziele abgefeuert, insbesondere im Raum London sowie in Belgien.
ID3 ist ein Format für Zusatzinformationen, die in Audiodateien des MP3-Formats enthalten sein können. Die einzelnen Informationseinheiten werden ID3-Tag genannt.
V2 Records (or V2 Music) is a record label that is owned by Universal Music Group as of October 2007. The label was founded in 1996 by Richard Branson, five years after he sold Virgin Records to EMI. In 2013, Universal Music sold V2 to Play It Again, Sam for $500,000.
V2 Records (anciennement V2 Music et Virgin 2) est un label discographique britannique créée en 1996 par Richard Branson quatre ans après la revente de Virgin Records à EMI.
