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The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is part of the Indo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.
All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia and Germany. [2] The West Germanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages: English with around 360–400 million native speakers; [3] [nb 2] German, with over 100 million native speakers; [4] and Dutch, with 24 million native speakers.
- Overview
- Linguistic characteristics of the protolanguage
Germanic languages, branch of the Indo-European language family. Scholars often divide the Germanic languages into three groups: West Germanic, including English, German, and Netherlandic (Dutch); North Germanic, including Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Faroese; and East Germanic, now extinct, comprising only Gothic and the languages of the Vandals, Burgundians, and a few other tribes.
In numbers of native speakers, English, with 450 million, clearly ranks third among the languages of the world (after Mandarin and Spanish); German, with some 98 million, probably ranks 10th (after Hindi, Bengali, Arabic, Portuguese, Russian, and Japanese). To these figures may be added those for persons with another native language who have learned one of the Germanic languages for commercial, scientific, literary, or other purposes. English is unquestionably the world’s most widely used second language.
The earliest historical evidence for Germanic is provided by isolated words and names recorded by Latin authors beginning in the 1st century bce. From approximately 200 ce there are inscriptions carved in the 24-letter runic alphabet. The earliest extensive Germanic text is the (incomplete) Gothic Bible, translated about 350 ce by the Visigothic bishop Ulfilas (Wulfila) and written in a 27-letter alphabet of the translator’s own design. Later versions of the runic alphabet were used sparingly in England and Germany but more widely in Scandinavia—in the latter area down to early modern times. All extensive later Germanic texts, however, use adaptations of the Latin alphabet.
See table for the names and approximate dates of the earliest recorded Germanic languages.
Britannica Quiz
Languages & Alphabets
The special characteristics of the Germanic languages that distinguish them from other Indo-European languages result from numerous phonological and grammatical changes.
Languages of Germany; Official: German (95%) Regional: German dialects, Limburgish, Danish, Sorbian, Frisian, Romani, Low German: Immigrant: Kurdish, Turkish, Portuguese, Arabic, Albanian, Russian, Polish, Hausa, Serbo-Croatian, Dutch, Italian, Greek, Romanian, Tamil, Hindustani, Spanish, and others: Foreign: English (56%) French (14 ...
21. Feb. 2020 · Which languages belong to the Germanic language family, and how similar are they today? One of Babbel's experts breaks it down.
- Sabine Hartwig
14. Dez. 2021 · The Germanic languages are divided into three branches; East Germanic languages, West Germanic languages and North Germanic languages. Let’s take a look at the full list of Germanic languages, as well as how many native speakers there are in each group. East Germanic languages.
30. Sept. 2023 · Here’s a cool example: the English word “house” is kind of like “haus” in German, “huis” in Dutch, and “hus” in Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. It’s pretty similar, right? List of Germanic languages. Linguists usually split the Germanic language family into three branches: Northern, Eastern, and Western Germanic languages.
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