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7. Juli 2021 · St Helena, 7 May. Buonaparte died on the 5th May at 6pm, after an illness of six weeks; the last fortnight only considered dangerous. The body has been opened, and the disease ascertained to be a...
- Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon review – Ridley Scott’s sturdy epic only fully...
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- Overview
- Exile on Saint Helena Island
- What Killed Napoleon Bonaparte?
- HISTORY Vault: Napoleon Bonaparte: The Glory of France
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After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the former emperor was placed in a 'wretched' home on a remote island.
The facts about Napoleon Bonaparte’s life— his awesome military achievements against the united powers of Europe, his sweeping reforms of law and bureaucracy across an entire continent—are extraordinary. But Napoleon Bonaparte's final years were just as extraordinary, with humiliating exile, a mysterious death at age 51, and a bizarre postmortem chain of events.
After Napoleon was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, he abdicated his throne and surrendered to the British. Rather than execute him and potentially turn him into a martyr, the British placed him in exile on one of the most isolated places on earth—the British-held island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Napoleon's Final Exile
A tiny island measuring only about 10 by 5 miles, its jagged cliffs must have seemed a grim sight when the former emperor first laid eyes on it. After initially enjoying two pleasant months living at the home of a former friend William Balcombe, Napoleon was then moved to nearby Longwood House, a property that had fallen into disrepair, and which was particularly damp and riddled with mold.
His servants were said to have complained of “colds, catarrhs, damp floors and poor provisions.” One of the entourage of 28 people who accompanied Napoleon was the Comte de Las Cases, who described Longwood House as “a wretched hovel, a few feet square.”
The island also appears to have been infested with rats, a feature that political satirists from all over Europe took as an opportunity to poke fun at the vanquished former emperor. A German political cartoon from the period mocked his situation, with a battalion of rats serving him instead of courtiers. A French cartoon showed the former Emperor sleeping in a tent while rats on the shore plot a rebellion—the caption read “Not even the rats want him.”
It would only get worse. The new British governor of the island, Hudson Lowe, was determined that Napoleon would not escape from this exile as he had done from his first one in Elba, and so restricted his movement, monitoring his correspondence, and ordering that Napoleon be seen in the flesh by British officers several times a day.
This led to the ex-emperor going into a bizarre form of rebellion, closing the shutters of the house and carving tiny peepholes into them so that he could look out without being seen. He also designed sunken pathways in the garden to make it harder for the officers to spot him. And despite Lowe’s orders that gifts were not permitted if they made mention of Napoleon’s imperial status, the former emperor continued to preserve royal protocol, with men in military dress and women in bejewelled gowns.
He also took up a few pastimes: he dictated his memoirs, wrote a book on Julius Caesar, studied English, and played cards. In fact, he played cards so much that a range of versions of solitaire (the card game also known as “patience”) have been named after him.
Shortly after Napoleon died, an autopsy was carried out by his physician Francesco Antommarchi. During this procedure, his heart and intestines were removed and put into sealed vessels, a standard treatment for the bodies of monarchs. However, Antommarchi also cut off Napoleon’s penis—no one knows why.
It was then smuggled out of the island by his chaplain and would end up being bought and sold over the years by various parties, eventually ending up on display in 1927 at New York City's Museum of French Art, where TIME magazine compared it to a “maltreated strip of buckskin shoelace.” An inglorious end for one who had in a matter of years managed to conquer almost all of Europe.
So what killed “Old Bony,” as the English liked to call him? That has been the matter of historical debate and medical science for the last 200 years.
Antommarchi said it was stomach cancer. In 1961, a Swedish amateur toxicologist claimed that Napoleon had in fact been poisoned with arsenic and pointed the finger at one of his French entourage.
Explore the extraordinary life and times of Napoleon Bonaparte, the great military genius who took France to unprecedented heights of power, and then brought it to its knees when his ego spun out of control.
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Learn about the former emperor's humiliating exile on Saint Helena island, his final illness and the controversy over his cause of death. Find out how his penis was cut off and sold after his death and why.
- Una Mcilvenna
- 3 Min.
A 2021 study by an international team of gastrointestinal pathologists concluded that Napoleon died of stomach cancer. Napoleon was buried with military honors in the Valley of the Geraniums. Napoleon's heart and intestines were removed and sealed inside his coffin.
- 17 March 1805 – 11 April 1814
- Letizia Ramolino
17. Sept. 2023 · Napoleon Bonaparte died in 1821 on Saint Helena, a British-held island, after losing the Battle of Waterloo. His death was attributed to stomach cancer, but some suspected he was poisoned by the British. Learn more about his rise and fall, his final days, and his legacy.
- Kaleena Fraga
Learn about the circumstances and controversies of Napoleon Bonaparte's death on 5 May 1821, on the island of Saint Helena. Explore the timeline, commentary, documents, images, videos and bibliography of this historical event.
20. Jan. 2023 · Erklärung, Geschichte. Dass Napoleon an den Folgen eines Magenkarzinoms starb, wurde von seinem letzten Leibarzt Francesco Antommarchi diagnostiziert. Er obduzierte den französischen Kaiser und stellte eine Reihe von Krebsgeschwüren an der Magenwand fest. Bei der Autopsie waren acht Ärzte anwesend, doch von Anfang an gab es Ungereimtheiten.
9. Nov. 2009 · Learn about the life and achievements of Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Find out how he died in exile on the island of Saint Helena in 1821.
