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Erfahren Sie mehr über James Monroe, den fünften Präsidenten der USA, der die Monroe-Doktrin formulierte und die westliche Hemisphäre vor europäischer Expansion schützte. Lesen Sie über sein Leben, seine politische Karriere, seine Präsidentschaft und seinen Ruhestand.
James Monroe (1758-1831) was the fifth president of the United States and a founding father of the country. He served in various roles, such as governor of Virginia, minister to France and Britain, secretary of state and war, and senator.
Erfahren Sie mehr über das Leben und Wirken von James Monroe, dem 5. Präsidenten der USA, der im Unabhängigkeitskrieg kämpfte und die Monroe-Doktrin formulierte. Lesen Sie über seine politischen Herausforderungen, seine Gesandtschaften in Europa und seine Rolle im Britisch-Amerikanischen Krieg.
- Overview
- Early life and career
- Minister to France
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James Monroe (born April 28, 1758, Westmoreland county, Virginia [U.S.]—died July 4, 1831, New York, New York, U.S.) fifth president of the United States (1817–25), who issued an important contribution to U.S. foreign policy in the Monroe Doctrine, a warning to European nations against intervening in the Western Hemisphere. The period of his admini...
Monroe’s father, Spence Monroe, was of Scottish descent, and his mother, Elizabeth Jones Monroe, of Welsh descent. The family were owners of a modest 600 acres (240 hectares) in Virginia. At age 16 Monroe entered the College of William and Mary but in 1776 left to fight in the American Revolution. As a lieutenant he crossed the Delaware with General George Washington for what became the Battle of Trenton. Suffering a near fatal wound in the shoulder, Monroe was carried from the field. Upon recovering, he was promoted to captain for heroism, and he took part in the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown. Advanced to major, he became aide-de-camp to General William Alexander (Lord Stirling) and with him shared the suffering of the troops at Valley Forge in the cruel winter of 1777–78. Monroe was a scout for Washington at the Battle of Monmouth and served as Lord Stirling’s adjutant general.
In 1780, having resigned his commission in the army, he began the study of law under Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, and between the two men there developed an intimacy and a sympathy that had a powerful influence upon Monroe’s later career. Jefferson also fostered a friendship between Monroe and James Madison.
Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and was chosen a member of the governor’s council. From 1783 to 1786 he served in the Congress under the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the new nation. During his term he vigorously insisted on the right of the United States to navigate the Mississippi River, then controlled by the Spanish, and attempted, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the power to regulate commerce, thereby removing one of the great defects in the existing central government. In 1786 Monroe, 27 years old, and Elizabeth Kortright of New York, 17 years old, were married. They had two daughters, Eliza Kortright and Maria Hester, and a son who died in infancy. Eliza often was at her father’s side as official hostess when he was president, substituting for her ailing mother. Maria’s marriage to a cousin, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in 1820 was the first wedding performed in the President’s House, as the White House was then called.
Britannica Quiz
Understanding the American Revolution
Retiring from Congress in 1786, Monroe began practicing law at Fredericksburg, Virginia. He was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1787 and in 1788 a member of the state convention at which Virginia ratified the new federal Constitution. In 1790 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he vigorously opposed President George Washington’s administration. Nevertheless, in 1794 Washington nominated him as minister to France.
It was the hope of the administration that Monroe’s well-known French sympathies would secure for him a favourable reception and that his appointment would also conciliate France’s friends in the United States. His warm welcome in France and his enthusiasm for the French Revolution, which he regarded as a natural successor to the American Revolution, displeased the Federalists (the party of Alexander Hamilton, which encouraged close ties not to France but to England) at home. Monroe did nothing, moreover, to reconcile the French to the Jay Treaty, which regulated commerce and navigation between the United States and Great Britain during the French Revolutionary wars.
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Without real justification, the French regarded the treaty as a violation of the French-American treaty of commerce and amity of 1778 and as a possible cause for war. Monroe led the French government to believe that the Jay Treaty would never be ratified by the United States, that the administration of George Washington would be overthrown as a result of the obnoxious treaty, and that better things might be expected after the election in 1796 of a new president, perhaps Thomas Jefferson. Washington, though he did not know of this intrigue, sensed that Monroe was unable to represent his government properly and, late in 1796, recalled him.
Learn about James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States who issued the Monroe Doctrine and led the Era of Good Feelings. Explore his early life, career, family, and achievements in this comprehensive article.
- Samuel Flagg Bemis
Learn about the life and achievements of James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States and the last Founding Father. Find out how he shaped the nation's foreign policy, the Missouri Compromise, and the Era of Good Feelings.
29. Okt. 2009 · Learn about James Monroe, the fifth U.S. president who oversaw the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812 and the Monroe Doctrine. Explore his early life, political career, achievements and legacy.
Erfahren Sie mehr über den fünften US-Präsidenten, der die Expansion nach Westen und die Hegemonie in Amerika förderte. Lesen Sie über seine Rolle im Unabhängigkeitskrieg, seine politischen Beziehungen zu Jefferson und Madison und seine berühmte Rede von 1823.
