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Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms .
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genetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. The term genetic engineering is generally used to refer to methods of recombinant DNA technology, which emerged from basic research in microbial genetics. The techniques ...
The term genetic engineering initially referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction. As such, the term embraced both artificial selection and all the interventions of biomedical techniques, among them artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (e.g., “test-tube” babies), cloning, and gene manipulation. In the latter part of the 20th century, however, the term came to refer more specifically to methods of recombinant DNA technology (or gene cloning), in which DNA molecules from two or more sources are combined either within cells or in vitro and are then inserted into host organisms in which they are able to propagate.
The possibility for recombinant DNA technology emerged with the discovery of restriction enzymes in 1968 by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber. The following year American microbiologist Hamilton O. Smith purified so-called type II restriction enzymes, which were found to be essential to genetic engineering for their ability to cleave a specific site within the DNA (as opposed to type I restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at random sites). Drawing on Smith’s work, American molecular biologist Daniel Nathans helped advance the technique of DNA recombination in 1970–71 and demonstrated that type II enzymes could be useful in genetic studies. Genetic engineering based on recombination was pioneered in 1973 by American biochemists Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer, who were among the first to cut DNA into fragments, rejoin different fragments, and insert the new genes into E. coli bacteria, which then reproduced.
Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism or population. Learn about the history, techniques, applications, and controversies of this field of biotechnology.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn about the methods and applications of genetic manipulation in various fields of biology and medicine. Explore chapters and articles on genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem cells, glaucoma, placenta, Borrelia, and more.
Chancen und Risiken von Gen-Manipulation beim Menschen. Krebstherapie, Herzinfarktprävention, Heilung von Erbkrankheiten: Die Gen-Schere CRISPR hat enormes Potenzial für die Medizin, ...
3. Anwendungsgebiete. 4. Genmanipulation Pro und Contra. 1. Was ist Genmanipulation? Grundlegend muss zwischen dem Arbeiten mit Genmaterial und der Erzeugung von gentechnisch veränderten Organismen (GVO) unterschieden werden. Jedes Arbeiten mit Genmaterial ist per Definition eine Manipulation, führt aber nicht zwangsläufig zur Erzeugung eines GVO.
2 Methods and Mechanisms for Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Animals, and Microorganisms. This chapter provides a brief description of genetic modification methods used to develop new plant, animal, and microbial strains for use as human food.
2. Dez. 2020 · Genetic manipulation is one of the central strategies that biologists use to investigate the molecular underpinnings of life and its diversity. Thus, advances in genetic manipulation...
