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Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts entstand die Philosophie des Existentialismus. Seine wichtigsten Vertreter waren dabei Jean-Paul Sartre, seine Lebensgefährtin Simone de Beauvoir, Gabriel Marcel und...
- Sartre’s Life
- Early Works
- The Ontology of Being and Nothingness
- The For-Itself in Being and Nothingness
- Relations with Others in Being and Nothingness
- Authenticity
- Other Contributions to Existential Phenomenology
- Conclusion
- References and Further Reading
Sartre was born in 1905 in Paris. After a childhood marked by the early death of his father, the important role played by his grandfather, and some rather unhappy experiences at school, Sartre finished High School at the Lycée Henri IV in Paris. After two years of preparation, he gained entrance to the prestigious Ecole Normale Supérieure, where, f...
Sartre’s early work is characterised by phenomenological analyses involving his own interpretation of Husserl’s method. Sartre’s methodology is Husserlian (as demonstrated in his paper “Intentionality: a fundamental ideal of Husserl’s phenomenology”) insofar as it is a form of intentional and eidetic analysis. This means that the acts by which cons...
Being and Nothingnesscan be characterized as a phenomenological investigation into the nature of what it is to be human, and thus be seen as a continuation of, and expansion upon, themes characterising the early works. In contrast with these however, an ontology is presented at the outset and guides the whole development of the investigation. One o...
The structure and characteristics of the for-itself are the main focal point of the phenomenological analyses of Being and Nothingness. Here, the theme of consciousness’s power of negation is explored in its different ramifications. These bring out the core claims of Sartre’s existential account of the human condition.
So far, we have presented the analysis of the for-itself without investigating how different individual for-itself’s interact. Far from neglecting the issue of inter-subjectivity, this represents an important part of Sartre’s phenomenological analysis in which the main themes discussed above receive their confirmation in, and extension to the inter...
If the picture which emerges from Sartre’s examination of human relationships seems rather hopeless, it is because bad faith is omnipresent and inescapable. In fact, Sartre’s philosophy has a very positive message which is that we have infinite freedom and that this enables us to make authentic choices which escape from the grip of bad faith. To un...
If Being and Nothingnessrepresents the culmination of Sartre’s purely existentialist work, existentialism permeates later writings, albeit in a hybrid form. We shall briefly indicate how these later writings extend and transform his project of existential phenomenology.
Sartre’s existentialist understanding of what it is to be human can be summarised in his view that the underlying motivation for action is to be found in the nature of consciousness which is a desire for being. It is up to each agent to exercise his freedom in such a way that he does not lose sight of his existence as a facticity, as well as a free...
a. Sartre’s Works
1. “Intentionality: a Fundamental Ideal of Husserl’s Phenomenology” (1970) transl. J.P.Fell, Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 1 (2), 4-5. 2. Psychology of the Imagination(1972) transl. Bernard Frechtman, Methuen, London. 3. Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions (1971) transl. Philip Mairet, Methuen, London. 4. The Transcendence of the Ego: An Existentialist Theory of Consciousness(1957) transl. and ed. Forrest Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick, Noonday, New York. 5. Being and Not...
b. Commentaries
1. Caws, P. (1979) Sartre, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. 2. Danto, A. C. (1991) Sartre, Fontana, London. 3. Howells, C. (1988) Sartre: The Necessity of Freedom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4. Howells, C. ed. (1992) Cambridge Companion to Sartre, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 5. Murdoch, I. (1987) Sartre: Romantic Rationalist, Chatto and Windus, London. 6. Natanson, M. (1972) A Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre’s Ontology, Haskell House Publishers, New York. 7. Schilpp, P. A...
Author Information
Christian J. Onof Email: c.onof@imperial.ac.uk University College, London United Kingdom
In diesem Artikel geht es um Jean Paul Sartre, dessen Bildungsweg, literarische Leistung und philosophische Gedankenwelt. Als einer der wichtigsten Vertreter des Existentialismus hat Sartre die französische und globale Kultur geprägt und ist bis heute relevanter denn je.
26. März 2022 · Few philosophers have been as famous in their own life-time as Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–80). Many thousands of Parisians packed into his public lecture, Existentialism is a Humanism, towards the end of 1945 and the culmination of World War 2.
6. Jan. 2023 · This is, according to Sartre, “the first principle of existentialism,” and it “means, first, that man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself” (1946 [2001, 292–3]). The point here is that there can be no complete or definitive account of being human because there is nothing that grounds ...
11. Apr. 2024 · Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher, novelist, and playwright, best known as the leading exponent of existentialism in the 20th century. In 1964 he declined the Nobel Prize for Literature. Learn more about Sartre’s life, works, and philosophy in this article.
Mit Existentialismus (auch Existenzialismus) wird im allgemeinen Sinne die überwiegend französische philosophische Strömung der Existenzphilosophie bezeichnet. Ihre Hauptvertreter sind Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus und in einer christlichen Sonderform Gabriel Marcel, dem Peter Wust nahe stand.
