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  1. Die beiden wohl prominentesten antiliberalen Europapläne der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts – der während des Ersten Weltkriegs von Friedrich Naumann im Rahmen der deutschen Kriegsziel-Diskussion verkündete „Mitteleuropa“-Plan sowie das „Neue Europa“ der Nationalsozialisten – erlangten nicht nur im öffentlichen Diskurs ...

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      Anmerkungen. Die beiden wohl prominentesten antiliberalen...

  2. Einigermaßen im Gegensatz zu diesen Entwicklungen auf der Ebene der amtlichen Politik gewann die Mitteleuropaidee in der deutschen Öffentlichkeit seit Ende 1915 zunehmend an Resonanz. Dabei kam Friedrich Naumanns zahlreichen kleineren Publikationen zur Mitteleuropafrage und vornehmlich seinem im Oktober 1915 erschienenen Werk "Mitteleuropa" ...

    • Introduction↑
    • Prelude to and Context of The Mitteleuropa Concept↑
    • Friedrich Naumann’s Mitteleuropa↑
    • Reactions and Aftermath↑

    Besides being a geographical description, Mitteleuropa denotes both a direction in German economic and political thought and the title of the most popular wartime utopia, penned by the German liberal politician Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919) in 1915. Naumann’s concept envisaged economic and cultural cooperation of the region’s inhabitants in the for...

    Although the idea of the economic and political unity of East Central and South East Europe under the aegis of Germany dates back to the first half of the 19th century, the concept gained increasing popularity in the two closing decades of the century. Most German authors, notably Lujo Brentano (1844-1931) and Walther Rathenau (1867-1922), who domi...

    In May 1915, the offensive of the Central Powers started to push Russia out of the predominantly Polish-inhabited areas of Galicia and the so-called Congress Kingdom. The acquisition of Poland fuelled the German Mitteleuropa debate. During the negotiations between Austria-Hungary and Germany in autumn 1915, a possible incorporation of this land int...

    Naumann’s book won recognition from many German and Austrian liberals. Some, notably Hermann Oncken (1869-1945), added historical arguments, while others, such as the Polish political activist Wilhelm Feldman (1868-1919), supported it with local expertise. In contrast to the response of liberals of various nationalities, Mitteleuropa was sharply cr...

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  4. Although the plan is often viewed as an expression of annexionist war goals, Naumann actually argued for a rather informal German economic hegemony in Central Europe. The public reception of Mitteleuropa in Germany as well as in Allied countries is traced in detail by conducting a discourse analysis of newspaper coverage.

  5. Abstract. The impact of Naumanns ideas on German thought and emotions during the war derived from his steady intellectual growth and political maturation in the pre-war decades.

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