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1. plato.stanford.edu › entries › socratesSocrates (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › socrates

   16. Sept. 2005 · The philosopher Socrates remains, as he was in his lifetime (469–399 B.C.E.), [ 1] an enigma, an inscrutable individual who, despite having written nothing, is considered one of the handful of philosophers who forever changed how philosophy itself was to be conceived. All our information about him is second-hand and most of it vigorously ...

2. plato.stanford.edu › entries › voltaireVoltaire (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › voltaire

   31. Aug. 2009 · Voltaire. François-Marie d’Arouet (1694–1778), better known by his pen name Voltaire, was a French writer and public activist who played a singular role in defining the eighteenth-century movement called the Enlightenment. At the center of his work was a new conception of philosophy and the philosopher that in several crucial respects ...

3. plato.stanford.edu › entries › ontological-argumentsOntological Arguments - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › ontological-arguments

   8. Feb. 1996 · Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premises which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world—e.g., from reason alone. In other words, ontological arguments are arguments from what are typically alleged to be none but analytic, a priori and necessary premises to the ...

4. plato.stanford.edu › entries › nietzsche-moral-politicalNietzsche’s Moral and Political Philosophy - Stanford ...

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › nietzsche-moral-political

   26. Aug. 2004 · Nietzsche’s Moral and Political Philosophy. First published Thu Aug 26, 2004; substantive revision Thu Feb 27, 2020. Nietzsche’s moral philosophy is primarily critical in orientation: he attacks morality both for its commitment to untenable descriptive (metaphysical and empirical) claims about human agency, as well as for the deleterious ...

5. plato.stanford.edu › entries › thought-experimentThought Experiments - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › thought-experiment

   28. Dez. 1996 · Thought Experiments. First published Sat Dec 28, 1996; substantive revision Tue Nov 28, 2023. Thought experiments are basically devices of the imagination. They are employed for various purposes such an entertainment, education, conceptual analysis, exploration, hypothesizing, theory selection, theory implementation, etc.

6. plato.stanford.edu › entries › models-scienceModels in Science - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › models-science

   27. Feb. 2006 · Models are of central importance in many scientific contexts. The centrality of models such as inflationary models in cosmology, general-circulation models of the global climate, the double-helix model of DNA, evolutionary models in biology, agent-based models in the social sciences, and general-equilibrium models of markets in their respective ...

7. plato.stanford.edu › entries › statisticsPhilosophy of Statistics - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › statistics

   19. Aug. 2014 · The philosophy of statistics concerns the foundations and the proper interpretation of statistical methods, their input, and their results. Since statistics is relied upon in almost all empirical scientific research, serving to support and communicate scientific findings, the philosophy of statistics is of key importance to the philosophy of ...